Chemistry Form 1

Yaliyomo

1. 1. Introduction to Chemistry

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 14

   Maelezo ya mada

   • What is chemistry?
   • Chemistry in daily life
   • Careers in chemistry and harmful effects of chemicals
   • The chemistry laboratory
   • Summary

   What is chemistry? Chemistry is the branch of science that studies matter : what substances are made of, their properties, how they change into new substances, and the energy that goes with these changes. Everything around us – the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat and our own bodies – is made of…

2. 2. Laboratory Technique and Safety

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 16

   Maelezo ya mada

   • Laboratory rules
   • Common apparatus and their uses
   • Measuring and handling substances
   • Hazard warning signs
   • First aid in the laboratory
   • Summary

   The laboratory and its rules The chemistry laboratory contains apparatus and chemicals that can cause accidents if used carelessly. Laboratory rules are instructions that keep everyone safe. Important rules include: Do not enter the laboratory without permission or without a teacher. Do not eat, drink or taste any…

3. 3. Heat Sources and Flames

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 15

   Maelezo ya mada

   • Sources of heat in the laboratory
   • The Bunsen burner
   • Luminous and non-luminous flames
   • Zones of the flame and strike back
   • Summary

   Sources of heat in the laboratory Many experiments need heat. A heat source is any device that produces heat. Common heat sources are the Bunsen burner (burns gas), the spirit lamp (burns methylated spirit or ethanol), the kerosene stove , the charcoal burner , the electric hot plate and a candle . Where there is no…

4. 4. Scientific Procedure

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 13

   Maelezo ya mada

   • The scientific procedure: problem and hypothesis
   • Experiments, variables and fair tests
   • Collecting and analysing data, and drawing conclusions
   • Writing a laboratory report
   • Summary

   What is the scientific procedure? The scientific procedure (scientific method) is an orderly way of finding answers to questions or solutions to problems through observation and experiment. Scientists use it so that their conclusions are based on evidence, not on guesses. Steps of the scientific procedure Identifying…

5. 5. Matter

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 17

   Maelezo ya mada

   • Matter and the kinetic theory
   • Changes of state
   • Physical and chemical changes
   • Elements, compounds and mixtures
   • Separating mixtures (1): solids and liquids
   • Separating mixtures (2): distillation, separating funnel and chromatography
   • Summary

   What is matter? Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space (has volume). Examples: water, air, stones, wood and our bodies. Light, heat and sound are not matter; they are forms of energy. States of matter and the kinetic theory The kinetic theory of matter states that matter is made of very small particles…

6. 6. Air, Combustion, Rusting and Fire Fighting

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 15

   Maelezo ya mada

   • The composition of air
   • Combustion
   • Rusting of iron
   • Preventing rusting
   • Fire and fire fighting
   • Summary

   Composition of air Air is a mixture of gases. By volume, dry air contains about 78% nitrogen , 21% oxygen , 0.9% argon (and other noble gases) and about 0.04% carbon dioxide , together with varying amounts of water vapour and dust. Air is a mixture because its composition varies from place to place and its gases can be…