Physics Form 1

Yaliyomo

1. 1. Introduction to Physics

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 16

   Maelezo ya mada

   • What is physics?
   • Physics in everyday life
   • The scientific method
   • Variables, fair tests and recording results
   • Summary

   What is physics? Physics is the branch of science that studies matter, energy and the way they interact. It tries to explain why things move, why objects fall, how heat travels, how electricity lights a bulb, and why we can see colours. The word comes from a Greek word meaning "nature". People who study physics are…

2. 2. Introduction to Laboratory Practice

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 16

   Maelezo ya mada

   • The laboratory and laboratory rules
   • Warning signs
   • First aid
   • Fire and fire fighting
   • Summary

   The physics laboratory A laboratory is a room or building that is specially equipped for doing scientific experiments. In a physics laboratory students handle glassware, electrical equipment, heat sources, chemicals and sharp tools. To work safely, everybody must know and follow the laboratory rules . Laboratory rules…

3. 3. Measurement

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 16

   Maelezo ya mada

   • Physical quantities and SI units
   • Measuring length
   • The vernier caliper and the micrometer screw gauge
   • Measuring mass, area and volume
   • Volume of irregular solids and measuring time
   • Summary

   What is measurement? Measurement is the process of comparing an unknown quantity with a standard quantity called a unit . A physical quantity is anything that can be measured, for example length, mass and time. Every measurement has a number and a unit, e.g. 3.5 m. Fundamental and derived quantities Fundamental (basic)…

4. 4. Force

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 15

   Maelezo ya mada

   • What is a force?
   • Types of forces
   • Mass and weight
   • Hooke's law
   • Cohesion, adhesion and surface tension
   • Summary

   What is a force? A force is a push or a pull that acts on a body. The SI unit of force is the newton (N) . One newton is the force that gives a mass of 1 kg an acceleration of 1 m/s 2 . Force is measured with a spring balance (newton meter). Effects of a force A force can: start a stationary body moving; stop a moving…

5. 5. Density and Relative Density

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 15

   Maelezo ya mada

   • Density
   • Measuring density
   • Relative density and the density bottle
   • Floating, mixtures and uses of density
   • Summary

   Density Equal volumes of different substances have different masses. A small piece of iron is much heavier than a piece of wood of the same size. We compare substances using density . Density (ρ) is the mass per unit volume of a substance: density = mass ÷ volume , ρ = m ÷ V The SI unit of density is the kilogram per…

6. 6. Archimedes' Principle and Law of Flotation

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 15

   Maelezo ya mada

   • Upthrust and apparent loss in weight
   • Archimedes' principle
   • Relative density by Archimedes' principle
   • The law of flotation
   • Applications of flotation
   • Summary

   Upthrust When you lift a bucket of water out of a well, it feels lighter while it is still in the water. This is because a liquid (or gas) pushes up on any object placed in it. This upward force is called upthrust (or buoyant force). Because of upthrust, an object weighed in water has an apparent weight that is less…

7. 7. Structure and Properties of Matter

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 15

   Maelezo ya mada

   • Matter and the kinetic theory
   • States of matter and changes of state
   • Cohesion, adhesion and the meniscus
   • Capillarity
   • Elasticity and plasticity
   • Summary

   Matter and its particles Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. All matter is made of tiny particles: atoms and molecules . A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance that can exist alone and keep the properties of that substance. The kinetic theory of matter states that the particles of matter…

8. 8. Pressure

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 15

   Maelezo ya mada

   • Pressure in solids
   • Pressure in liquids
   • Pascal's principle and hydraulic machines
   • Atmospheric pressure and the barometer
   • Using atmospheric pressure: manometers, straws, syringes and siphons
   • Summary

   What is pressure? Pressure is the force acting normally (at right angles) per unit area of a surface: P = F ÷ A The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa) ; 1 Pa = 1 N/m 2 . For the same force, a smaller area gives a larger pressure. That is why a sharp knife cuts easily, a nail has a pointed end, and why a tractor and…

9. 9. Work, Energy and Power

   Majaribio 1 Maswali 15

   Maelezo ya mada

   • Work
   • Energy: forms, transformations and sources
   • Kinetic and potential energy
   • Conservation of energy
   • Power
   • Summary

   Work In physics, work is done when a force moves its point of application in the direction of the force: Work = force × distance moved in the direction of the force , W = F × d The SI unit of work is the joule (J) . One joule is the work done when a force of 1 N moves its point of application through 1 m. If you push…

10. 10. Light

    Majaribio 1 Maswali 15

    Maelezo ya mada

    • Light and its sources
    • Rectilinear propagation of light
    • Shadows and eclipses
    • The pinhole camera
    • Reflection of light and its laws
    • Images in plane mirrors
    • Summary

    Light and its sources Light is a form of energy that enables us to see. Bodies that produce their own light are luminous (the Sun, a candle flame, a bulb, a firefly). Bodies that are seen only because they reflect light are non-luminous (the Moon, a book, people). Light travels at about 3 × 10 8 m/s in air and does not…