Geography Form 4

Indice

1. 1. Human Population

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   • Population, demography and the census
   • Measuring population: density, birth, death and growth rates
   • Population distribution and density
   • Population structure and population pyramids
   • Migration
   • Population change, the demographic transition and effects of rapid growth
   • Summary

   Population and its study Population is the total number of people living in a given area at a particular time. Demography is the scientific study of population: its size, distribution, composition and change. Information on population comes from a census (an official count of all people, usually every ten years), vital…

2. 2. Settlements

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   • Meaning and types of settlement; site and situation
   • Factors influencing the location of settlements
   • Rural settlement patterns
   • Urbanisation and the functions of towns
   • Land use in towns
   • Problems of urban growth and their solutions
   • Summary

   Meaning of settlement A settlement is a place where people live and carry out their activities. It may be a single homestead, a village, a town or a city. Settlements are classified as rural (small, people mainly in primary activities such as farming, fishing and herding) or urban (large, dense, people mainly in…

3. 3. Natural Regions of the World

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   • Meaning and controls of natural regions
   • The equatorial region
   • The tropical savanna and monsoon regions
   • Hot deserts and the Mediterranean region
   • Temperate grasslands and the cool and cold regions
   • Mountain climates and adaptations to natural regions
   • Summary

   Meaning of natural regions A natural region is a large area of the Earth with broadly similar climate, natural vegetation, animal life and, often, similar ways of life. Climate is the main factor that determines natural regions, so they are also called climatic regions. They are arranged roughly in belts according to…

4. 4. Environmental Issues and Management

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   • The environment, land degradation, deforestation and desertification
   • Pollution, loss of biodiversity and invasive species
   • Climate change and ozone depletion
   • Environmental hazards and disasters
   • Managing the environment
   • Summary

   Environment and environmental issues The environment is everything that surrounds living things: land, water, air, plants, animals and the things people build. An environmental issue (problem) is a harmful change in the environment, mostly caused or made worse by human activities. Environmental management is the wise…

5. 5. Research

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   • Meaning, importance and types of research
   • The research process
   • Methods of data collection
   • Sampling
   • Research proposal, report writing and research ethics
   • Summary

   Meaning of research Research is a careful, systematic investigation to discover new facts, answer a question or solve a problem. In geography, research helps us understand problems such as soil erosion, water shortage, urban waste or changes in crop production, and suggest solutions. Field research is also part of…